Hello, and welcome back to Nations 4 Jesus. Today I want to share something that's very special to me—the story of Saint Lucia’s (Loo See A) Day. When our family lived in Hungary from 2011-2015 with the U.S. Air Force, we had many wonderful Swedish friends who introduced us to the beauty of Saint Lucia Day traditions. The songs, the candles, the special food—it was such a wonderful way to begin the Christmas season, and it opened my eyes to a rich Christian history I'd never known.
But Saint Lucia's Day is more than just a beautiful Scandinavian tradition. It's a story that connects a 3rd century Christian martyr in Sicily to the powerful missionary movement that once came out of Sweden. It's a story of light shining in darkness, of faithfulness unto death, and of how one nation went from paganism to Christianity to becoming one of the world's great missionary-sending forces.
Today I want to tell you about Saint Lucia of Syracuse, about how her story became intertwined with Swedish Christianity, about Sweden's remarkable missionary legacy, and about both the challenges and the small signs of hope in Swedish Christianity today.
Let me start at the beginning with Saint Lucia herself. Lucia—whose name means "light"—was born around 283 AD in Syracuse, Sicily, into a wealthy Christian family. This was during the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian, who launched one of the most severe persecutions of Christians in Roman history.
According to early church tradition, Lucia had consecrated her virginity to God and wanted to devote her life to serving Christ. But her mother, Eutychia, who didn't know about Lucia's vow, arranged for her to marry a pagan nobleman. Lucia prayed for a way out of this marriage, and when her mother was miraculously healed of a hemorrhage after they visited Saint Agatha's tomb together, Lucia convinced her mother to allow her to distribute her dowry to the poor instead of marrying.
But here's what makes Lucia's story particularly relevant to our focus on missions and the persecuted church: During the Diocletian persecution, when Christians were being hunted and killed, many believers were forced to hide in the catacombs beneath Rome and other cities. These underground believers were hungry, scared, and desperate for encouragement.
Lucia took it upon herself to bring food to these hiding Christians. She would go down into the dark catacombs carrying supplies, and to keep her hands free to carry as much as possible, she wore a wreath of candles on her head to light her way. Can you imagine the courage that took? She was risking her own life to feed believers who were being hunted by the Roman authorities.
When Lucia's rejected suitor discovered that she had given away her dowry and was serving Christians, he reported her to the Roman authorities as a Christian. She was arrested and ordered to renounce her faith and offer sacrifice to the Roman gods. Lucia refused, declaring that she would never deny Christ.
According to tradition, the authorities tried to force her into prostitution, but miraculously she could not be moved—it was as if she was rooted to the ground. They tried to burn her, but the flames would not harm her. Finally, they killed her with a sword on December 13, 304 AD. She was only about 21 years old. As she lay dying, she prophesied that persecution would soon end and peace would come to the church—a prophecy that was fulfilled when Constantine legalized Christianity just a few years later.
Now here's why the date matters for understanding the Swedish tradition. December 13th, according to the old Julian calendar used when this tradition developed, was considered the winter solstice—the longest, darkest night of the year. So Lucia's feast day on December 13th became associated with bringing light into darkness, which perfectly matched her name and her story of wearing candles to bring food to Christians hiding in dark catacombs.
This symbolism of light conquering darkness resonated deeply in Scandinavia, where winter nights are extraordinarily long. In northern Sweden, the sun barely rises in December, and darkness dominates. So the image of a young woman wearing a crown of candles, bringing light and sustenance in the darkest season, became incredibly meaningful.
So how did Saint Lucia's story travel from Sicily to Sweden? To understand that, we need to look at how Christianity came to Scandinavia. Christianity reached Sweden relatively late compared to southern Europe. The first known Christian missionary to Sweden was Saint Ansgar, a Frankish monk who arrived around 829 AD. But Sweden remained largely pagan for centuries afterward, with the old Norse gods still dominant.
It wasn't until the 11th and 12th centuries that Sweden gradually converted to Christianity, often through a mix of missionary efforts, royal conversions, and sometimes force. By the 13th century, Sweden was officially a Christian nation, and Catholic traditions—including veneration of saints like Lucia—became part of Swedish culture.
The tradition of celebrating Saint Lucia's Day on December 13th took root in Sweden during the Middle Ages. Swedish families would observe the day with special foods, and the legend of Lucia bringing food in darkness particularly resonated in a land where winter darkness was so oppressive. Over time, uniquely Swedish customs developed around the celebration.
Let me describe what the modern Swedish Lucia celebration looks like, based on what our Swedish friends in Hungary taught us. On the morning of December 13th, the oldest daughter in the family dresses in a white robe with a red sash, symbolizing Lucia's purity and martyrdom. She wears a crown of candles on her head—today usually battery-powered for safety, but traditionally real candles.
She wakes the family early in the morning, often around 4 or 5 AM when it's still dark, carrying a tray of special saffron buns called "lussekatter" (Lucia cats) and coffee. She's often accompanied by younger siblings dressed as attendants—girls in white with tinsel in their hair, and boys dressed as "star boys" wearing cone-shaped hats.
They sing traditional Lucia songs, the most famous being "Sankta Lucia" set to the beautiful Neapolitan melody "Santa Lucia." The lyrics celebrate Lucia as a light-bringer in the darkness. When our Swedish friends invited us to their Lucia celebration in Hungary, I'll never forget how moving it was—the night time downtown setting, the candles glowing, the sweet voices singing, the aroma of saffron buns. It was a beautiful way to mark the beginning of the Christmas season and remember that Jesus is the Light of the world who came into our darkness.
Now here's what's remarkable: Sweden, which received the Gospel through missionaries like Saint Ansgar in the 9th century, became one of the world's great missionary-sending nations. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Swedish missionary societies were sending thousands of missionaries around the world.
Swedish missionaries served in China, India, Africa, and many other places. Organizations like the Swedish Evangelical Mission, the Swedish Alliance Mission, and others sent workers to some of the hardest, most remote mission fields. Swedish missionaries were known for their commitment, their willingness to learn local languages, and their emphasis on both evangelism and social service—education, healthcare, agricultural development.
At its peak in the mid-20th century, Sweden—with a population of only about 7-8 million—was sending out thousands of missionaries. Swedish mission organizations pioneered work among several unreached people groups. Swedish Christians gave generously to support missions, and many Swedish young people considered missionary service as a normal calling to consider.
One thing that's unique about Sweden, even today, is that Christianity and church history are taught as part of the regular school curriculum. Swedish students learn about the Bible, Christian traditions, and church history—including stories like Saint Lucia—as part of their education. Even in public schools, students study Christianity not as religious indoctrination, but as cultural heritage and historical literacy.
This means most Swedes, even if they're not practicing Christians, have a basic knowledge of Christian history, biblical stories, and traditions like Saint Lucia's Day. They understand the symbolism, they know the songs, they participate in the celebrations—even if they don't personally have faith in Christ. It's woven into the cultural fabric of Swedish identity.
But here's the heartbreaking part: Despite this rich Christian heritage, despite once being one of the world's great missionary-sending nations, Sweden today is one of the most secular countries on earth. According to recent surveys, only about 20% of Swedes believe in a personal God. Weekly church attendance is estimated at less than 5% of the population. The Church of Sweden, once a powerful state church, has seen dramatic decline—many historic churches now sit largely empty except for tourists.
What happened? How did a nation that sent thousands of missionaries to the ends of the earth become so secular in just a few generations? Several factors contributed: the official state church became increasingly liberal theologically, often accommodating cultural trends rather than proclaiming biblical truth. Prosperity and social welfare programs created a sense that people didn't need God—the government would provide for all needs. Education became increasingly secular. And perhaps ironically, the very success of Christian social ethics created a society that felt it could maintain Christian values without Christian faith.
As Swedish Christianity declined, so did the missionary movement. The thousands of missionaries Sweden once sent dwindled to hundreds. Mission organizations merged or closed. Young Swedes stopped considering missionary service. The churches that had once supported missions generously now struggled to keep their own doors open.
It's a sobering reminder that even the strongest Christian movements can decline within a generation or two if faith isn't passed on vibrantly to the next generation. Sweden went from sending missionaries to needing missionaries in less than a century.
But here's where I want to inject some hope, because God is not done with Sweden! Despite the overall decline, there are genuine believers in Sweden—a faithful remnant who love Jesus, who pray, who share their faith, who send missionaries. There are small but growing immigrant churches, particularly among Ethiopians, Eritreans, and other African Christians who've brought vibrant faith to Sweden.
There are also some signs of renewed interest in Christianity among young Swedes, particularly as they see the emptiness of pure secularism. Some Swedish young people are rediscovering the faith of their grandparents. Small house church movements are growing. And interestingly, some Swedes who encounter vibrant Christianity while traveling or living abroad—like our Swedish friends in Hungary—return home with renewed faith and vision.
There are also Swedish Christians working to revitalize the missionary movement. While the numbers are smaller than they once were, there are still Swedish missionaries serving in hard places, and some Swedish churches are rediscovering their missionary heritage and calling.
So what can we learn from Sweden's story? First, past missionary success doesn't guarantee future faithfulness. Sweden was once a missionary powerhouse, but that legacy didn't automatically preserve Swedish Christianity. Each generation must embrace faith for themselves.
Second, prosperity can be more dangerous to faith than persecution. Sweden's high standard of living, comprehensive welfare state, and comfortable lifestyle made it easy for Swedes to feel they didn't need God. We in America should take warning—our prosperity may be eroding our faith just as it did Sweden's.
Third, state churches can become spiritually dead. When the church is too closely aligned with government and culture, it often loses its prophetic voice and biblical distinctiveness. The Church of Sweden accommodated cultural trends rather than calling people to biblical faith.
Fourth, teaching Christian history and traditions isn't enough if personal faith isn't cultivated. Swedish students learn about Saint Lucia and Christian heritage, but knowledge about Christianity is different from knowing Christ. We can't rely on cultural Christianity—we need genuine conversion and discipleship.
And fifth, immigrant Christians can revitalize declining churches. God is bringing believers from Africa and other places to Sweden, and these believers are breathing new life into Swedish Christianity. This is part of how God is humbling the Western church and showing us that the Global South church is now the vibrant center of Christianity.
But perhaps the most important lesson comes from Saint Lucia herself. She lived in one of the darkest periods of Christian history—the Diocletian persecution, when being a Christian could mean torture and death. Yet she brought light into that darkness, literally and figuratively. She risked her life to feed hungry Christians hiding in catacombs. She refused to deny Christ even when it cost her everything. She became a light that has shone for 1,700 years, inspiring millions.
Today, Sweden may be in spiritual darkness, but Saint Lucia's example reminds us that one faithful light-bearer can make a difference. It only takes a few faithful believers, willing to risk everything for Christ, to spark revival. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it—just as Jesus promised in John 1:5.
When our Swedish friends in Hungary invited us to celebrate Saint Lucia's Day with them, I don't think I fully understood the weight of what I was experiencing. Here were Swedish friends, living as expatriates in a foreign country, keeping alive a tradition that connected them to their Christian heritage—a heritage that much of Sweden has abandoned.
As they sang "Sankta Lucia" in the candlelight, as they shared saffron buns and coffee in the darkness, they were doing exactly what Lucia herself did 1,700 years ago—bringing light and sustenance in a dark time. Each year that my family and I celebrated with them, I was remembering that Jesus is the Light of the world, no matter how dark the culture around us becomes.
So here's my challenge to you: Don't take your Christian heritage for granted. Don't assume that because your nation was once Christian, it will remain Christian. Each generation must embrace faith personally and pass it on passionately to the next. Pray for Sweden and other nations in Europe that have lost their Christian vitality. Support the faithful remnant there. And consider supporting Swedish missionaries who are still serving in hard places.
And as we approach Christmas, remember what Saint Lucia's Day teaches us: Jesus came as the Light of the world into the darkness of our sin. Just as Lucia wore candles on her head to bring food to hungry Christians in dark catacombs, Jesus came into the darkness of this fallen world to bring us the Bread of Life. Let's be light-bearers like Lucia, willing to risk everything to bring Christ to those in darkness.
Thank you for joining me today. I hope Saint Lucia's story and Sweden's history have both challenged and inspired you. The light shines in the darkness—and we're called to be bearers of that light.
Until next time, remember—keep your eyes on the nations and be a light-bearer in the darkness!
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